Poison Statistics, National Data, 2014

Most Serious Poisonings?

Frequency statistics are only a part of the poisoning story. To determine where to focus prevention efforts, we also need to know which poisonings are serious.

Pain medications are the single most frequent cause of pediatric fatalities reported to Poison Control. That's a skewed picture, because carbon monoxide deaths are under-reported. The table below shows poisoning fatalities in children younger than 6 years reported to US Poison Control from 2010 through 2014.

The substance categories with the largest number of deaths across all ages (and including intentional exposures) include sedatives and sleeping medications, cardiovascular drugs, opioids, stimulants and street drugs, and alcohols (NPDS, 2014).

How serious are poison exposures?

In 2014, 86% of poison exposures reported to U.S. poison centers were nontoxic, minimally toxic, or had at most a minor effect.(Includes the National Poison Data System codes: no effect; minor effect; not followed, nontoxic; and not followed, minimally toxic.)

Figure 4. Medical Outcome of Human Poison Exposures Reported to NPDS, 2014

Intentional exposures were significantly more serious, with a 32-fold greater percentage of serious outcomes (major or fatal effects) compared to unintentional exposures. Of the intentional exposures, 5.2% were major effects or deaths compared to 0.2% of unintentional exposures and 1.1% of all exposures. Just 2.6% of unintentional exposures had a moderate, major or fatal outcome compared to 31.2% of intentional exposures and 8.0% of all exposures. 

Figure 5. Medical Outcome Distribution for Unintentional vs Intentional Human Poison Exposures Reported to NPDS, 2014

Exposures in teens and adults were also considerably more serious, with 17.3% of teens and 15.8% of adults having a moderate, major or fatal effect compared to 1.1% of children younger than 6 years. Most exposures in children younger than 6 years (95.9%) were nontoxic, minimally toxic, or had at most a minor effect.

Figure 6. Medical Outcome by Age Group, 2014 U.S. Human Poison Exposures Reported to NPDS

Many poison exposures can be safely observed at home, without an ER visit. Overall, 68.1% of poison exposures were observed without medical intervention in 2014. For poison exposures occurring in children younger than 6 years, 85.2% were only observed at home (without going to an ER or seeing a physician). In contrast, only 51.9% of adults were managed at the exposure site without medical intervention.

These nontoxic or minimally toxic poison exposures that can be safely observed at home are the cases that will most likely be amenable to triage by webPOISONCONTROL^®.

Real-time poison exposure data enables surveillance

U.S. poison centers collect data in real time and upload those data every 7.8 minutes (median time to upload). Real-time data are used to find hazardous products quickly, follow substance abuse trends, and detect chem/bioterrorism incidents. Under a grant from the CDC, the American Association of Poison Control Centers and its member poison centers conduct automated, continuous surveillance of poison exposure cases. Alerts are sent when there are an unexpectedly large number of cases in an hour, when there’s an unexpectedly high frequency of a specific symptom, or when there are cases with combinations of clinical effects suggestive of specific poisonings that might require a rapid public health response. Toxicologists promptly investigate these alerts and inform public health officials if outliers are suspicious for events or products of concern.

For more detailed U.S. poison control data, check out the Annual Reports of the American Association of Poison Control Centers:

Other U.S. Poisoning Data Sources

Note: "Drug poisoning" is a subset of "all poisoning" and includes unintentional, intentional, and undetermined intents. Source: National Vital Statistics System, 2000-2010

Unintentional poison deaths are on the rise in the U.S., increasing 160% from 1999 to 2009. Most (91%) of unintentional poisoning deaths are a result of drug overdose – especially from opioid pain medications such as methadone, hydrocodone or oxycodone. Nearly 15,000 people died in 2008 from overdoses involving prescription pain killers – a more than 3-fold increase over a decade. In fact, in 2010, the number of deaths from prescription opioid or narcotic pain relievers - including drugs such as Vicodin (hydrocodone), OxyContin (oxycodone), Opana (oxymorphone), and methadone – exceeded the number of overdose deaths from heroin and cocaine combined. And for every one of those nearly 15,000 prescription painkiller deaths reported in 2008, there were 10 treatment admissions for abuse, 32 emergency department visits for misuse or abuse, 130 people who abuse or are dependent, and 825 nonmedical users.⁴

The figure below shows trends for the three most common causes of injury death in the U.S. - motor vehicle traffic, firearm and drug poisoning.⁵ In 2012 there were 41,502 drug poisoning deaths reported, and since 2009, the rate of drug poisoning deaths has exceeding both motor vehicle traffic deaths and firearm deaths. The age-adjusted death rate for drug poisoning has increased from 3.0 per 100,000 in 1979 to 13.1 per 100,000 in 2012.⁵ During this same period, the age-adjusted rate for motor vehicle traffic deaths dropped by half and firearm deaths also declined.

Source: National Vital Statistics System, reported in MMWR ⁵

Carbon monoxide is another poisoning issue that deserves special mention. At least 430 people die in the US each year from unintentional, non-fire related carbon monoxide poisoning. The average annual death rate from carbon monoxide is nearly three times higher in males than females, and the death rate is highest among men age 65 and older.⁶

AAPCC Data Disclosure Statement

Related Links

Summary of National Poison Statistics, Reports to US Poison Control Centers

American Association of Poison Control Centers 2014 National Statistics Snapshot

Summary of Poison Statistics for the Washington, DC region

The Rise of Medicine in the Home: Implications for Today's Children, SafeKids Worldwide, March 2016

Medicine Safety for Children: An In-Depth Look at Calls to Poison Centers, SafeKids Worldwide, March 2015

Keeping Families Safe Around Medicine, SafeKids Worldwide, March 2014

References

• ¹  Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, McMillan N, Schauben JL. 2014 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 32nd annual report. Clin Toxicol 2015 Dec; 53(10): 962-1147. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1102927. PubMed PMID: 26624241.
• ²  10 Leading Causes of Injury Deaths by Age Group Highlighting Unintentional Injury Deaths, United States - 2010. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• ³  NCHS Data on Drug Poisoning Deaths.  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• ⁴  Policy Impact: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• ⁵  QuickStats: Death rates for three selected causes of injury – National Vital Statistics System, United States, 1979-2012. MMWR 2014;63(46):1095.
• ⁶  QuickStats: Average Annual Number of Deaths and Death Rates from Unintentional, Non-Fire-Related Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, by Sex and age Group - United States, 1999-2010. MMWR 2014; 63(03):65.